Saving Grace by Lee Smith

Clear and without any luxurious wistfulness, Saving Grace is the ninth novel of Lee Smith, trailed by what many considers to be her showstopper, Oral History. The Appalachian setting of the novel mirrors the author’s constant fixation on nature, old stories and conventional altruistic qualities. Like Oral History, Saving Grace also manages the topical builds of upset family relations and insightful recognitions. The main individual story strategy draws out the vibe of the novel consummately. Florida Grace Shepherd, the hero of the story, distinctively describes her more youthful days in a despairing tone which resounds with absence of self centeredness. Such a tone mirrors Grace's finished estrangement from set up family or social requests, yet in addition from her own inside world. Her ensuing transitioning in a two-timing world is sufficiently recorded in the exposition style which is â€Å"breathtaking in degree and terrible in effectâ€a redemptive work of art†¦ † (Saving Grace 2006). This paper is going to basically talk about how Grace’s life is molded by her experience with different men. What makes Saving Grace a champion among Lee Smith’s different books is its depiction of a convincing excursion to self-investigation. The title itself fills in as an intelligent vehicle for drawing out the topical parts of the plot. Directly from the earliest starting point, the courageous woman of the story Florida Grace Shepherd wants to be spared: â€Å"I am and consistently have been antagonistic and ornery, loaded with dread and uncertainty in a group of devotees. Mother used to call me her â€Å"worrywart youngster. † (Smith 3) However, the way that she never preferred to be spared by a perfect mediation goes to show the matriarchal-male centric division in the Shepherds family unit. The principal Man whom Grace is directed to put her trust is Jesus Christ, and she abhors doing that. She straightforwardly affirms her scorn for Jesus. It is her mom in whom she discovers comfort and mending contact in snapshots of outrageous agony and enthusiastic anguish: â€Å"†¦smoothing my long yellow hair and squeezing me against her chest where I could smell the natural smell of cotton dried out on the line. (Smith 3) Despite her mother’s firm confidence in the Holy Lord, much like her father’s, Jesus to her is the culprit behind broken family connections. Somewhere down in her brain she realizes that her dad finds the easy-going nature of God as a plausible excuse to lead an existence of a habitual womanizer on the affection of fundamentalist proclaiming of Evangelism. The principle line of business for the Reverend Virgil Shepherd is the unassuming womenfolk of the mountain network of Scrabble Creek, North Carolina. Her father’s ventures and vagrant timetable have spelled fate for the whole family. The snake mending of Grace’s father frequents her around evening time when she and her sister Billie Jean â€Å"fall sleeping to the sound of snakes shaking in boxes under their bed. † (Eckard 174) In this unique circumstance, the immeasurably significant topic of profound salvation comes into conflict. Effortlessness won't grasp the methods of salvation by being loyal to the Holy Lord. She disdains the possibility of turning into a â€Å"special hireling of the Lord† (Smith 30). Her hesitance is reached out to such an extent, that she can't get together enough fortitude to depend on the Lord dreading it would prompt false impressions inside the family and she might be thrown out of the known servitude. Also, her confined and programmed adolescence is showed through the strict traditions forced upon the youngsters by their dad: â€Å"he would not let us read anything with the exception of the Bible, he said that was all we expected to peruse. We were not permitted to peruse the paper, as the main news we had to know was the uplifting news of the Gospel, and whatever else would occupy us from it. † (Smith 11) So we have seen the effect of two men on Grace’s childhood †initially, her dad and furthermore and maybe more forebodingly, Jesus Christ Himself. As the story gets under way, the perusers are acquainted with a 38-year old Grace making a homecoming to Scrabble Creek. A mind-blowing course has all the earmarks of being hopeless after two bombed relationships, youth temptation by stepbrother Lamer, her mother’s self destruction, and the spurning of her own kids. Here we can get a vibe of the plot which is to be unfurled as we come. It is essentially a plot dependent on start at-end arrangement with the principle character uncovering her previous existence when everything in her present appears to have gone to a parkway. In any case, as The Washington Post Book World explored, Lee Smith gives a nearly impersonalized voice to her courageous woman as she expresses reality with a â€Å"honesty so serious we are brought to our knees†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Saving Grace 2006). â€Å"I intend to tell the truth†¦even the horrendous things†, and she does unhurriedly and bluntly (Eckard 174). Her memory contacts down the lives of everybody she happened to run over right all through her youth and pre-adult days. What she can identify with affectionately was the maternal love and care she got. In any case, no place in her portrayal do we discover hints of allegation or severe revocation against those men who straightforwardly or in a roundabout way misused her. Her obvious certainty introduction renders an emotional intrigue to the account, making her a narrating model. It fits in with the perspectives held by Sheila Collins who in her article Theology in the Politics of Appalachian Women contends that â€Å"women must oppose the quiet, feminized jobs customarily expected of them in strict and political spheres†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Eckard 175). In reality, Grace’s account shakes the generalized job of womanhood hailing from unpleasant and severe good country living. Up and down the novel, the perusers can discover a few arrangements of juxtaposition as far as ladylike methods of seeing life. On numerous occasions, Grace sets out on self-assessment to discover importance behind her reality in a world which is heartless and loaded with negating components. Her inner world is ceaselessly at motion for the synchronous nearness of transgression and salvation, quietness and voice, force and feebleness, etc. Every one of these components are regularly connected with the male associations Grace has during her momentous excursion. It won’t be an exaggeration to guarantee that Saving Grace is about the lamentable existence of a lady who, subsequent to coming in contact with pieces of earth, stays flawless at long last. Her single life may not be seen perfect to follow, however one can't prevent the relentless soul from claiming mankind even with male predominance that Lee Smith records through the depiction of Florida Grace Shepherd.

Swot analysis Essay Example for Free

Swot investigation Essay Hence, utilizing the SWOT examination to decide their qualities, shortcomings, openings and dangers, the eatery can attempt achieve their objectives by framing new methodologies. The café has an assortment of solid regions that it can depend on to empower the compelling running of the business. These qualities are; initially, the area. Being close to the college is a significant bit of leeway as there are no other significant outlets in the territory meaning a great many people must choose between limited options making it a restraining infrastructure. Then again, one significant shortcoming that counters its strengths’ is the absence of arranging. No arranging prompts absence of systems or hazy techniques being made causing insufficiency. Another shortcoming incorporates the way that the eatery has made itself vanurable to serious weight since the clients are not fulfilled. Which means they will search for choices sooner rather than later. Openings are arbitrary. An organization needs to manage its chances to grow their business and in this manner emerging adequacy ( Nidumolu, Prahalad, Rangaswami, 2009). The café specifically has a chance to extend courses to meet the more extensive scope of client needs. For instance, it might build up a new requesting and holding up framework to maintain a strategic distance from client disappointment. Another open door is the one year assurance to move to a superior key gathering or plan by setting aside some effort to survey their restrictions. The absence of unions and correspondence with the administration goes about as a danger to the eatery. The administration may build up arrangements in which the eatery may not go along subsequently prompting low benefits or even the conclusion of the café. Another danger is client disappointment , there is a high hazard in loosing potential clients because of ineptitude and disappointment.

Selected Sigmund Freud Quotes From His Writings

Selected Sigmund Freud Quotes From His Writings History and Biographies Print Famous Quotes From Sigmund Freud Freuds work furthered our understanding of psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on November 17, 2018 Authenticated News/Archive Photos/Getty Images More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In addition to his own psychoanalytic practice, Sigmund Freud was also a prolific writer. Works such as The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) and The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901) helped establish Freuds psychoanalytic theories and made him a dominating force in psychology during the early 20th-century. His work and writings contributed to our understanding of personality, clinical psychology, human development  and abnormal psychology. Below are just a few quotes from Freuds writings. Selected Sigmund Freud Quotes No one who, like me, conjures up the most evil of those half-tamed demons that inhabit the human breast, and seeks to wrestle with them, can expect to come through the struggle unscathed.From Dora: An Analysis of a Case of Hysteria, 1905.The great question that has never been answered, and which I have not yet been able to answer, despite my thirty years of research into the feminine soul, is What does a woman want?From Sigmund Freud: Life and Work by Ernest JonesReligion is an illusion and it derives its strength from the fact that it falls in with our instinctual desires.From New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, 1932.Where id is, there shall ego be.From New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, 1932.One might compare the relation of the ego to the id with that between a rider and his horse. The horse provides the locomotor energy, and the rider has the prerogative of determining the goal and of guiding the movements of his powerful mount towards it. But all too often in the relations between the ego and the id we find a picture of the less ideal situation in which the rider is obliged to guide his horse in the direction in which it itself wants to go.From New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, 1932.Devout believers are safeguarded in a high degree against the risk of certain neurotic illnesses; their acceptance of the universal neurosis spares them the task of constructing a personal one.From The Future of an Illusion, 1927.The ego is not master in its own house.From A Difficulty in the Path of Psycho-Analysis, 1917.Our knowledge of the historical worth of certain religious doctrines increases our respect for them but does not invalidate our proposal that they should cease to be put forward as the reasons for the precepts of civilization. On the contrary! Those historical residues have helped us to view religious teachings, as it were, as neurotic relics, and we may now argue that the time has probably come, as it does in an analytic treatmen t, for replacing the effects of repression by the results of the rational operation of the intellect. From The Future of an Illusion, (1927)One feels inclined to say that the intention that man should be happy is not included in the plan of Creation.From Civilization and Its Discontents, (1930)The poor ego has a still harder time of it; it has to serve three harsh masters, and it has to do its best to reconcile the claims and demands of all three...The three tyrants are the external world, the superego, and the id.From New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, (1932)Thinking is an experimental dealing with small quantities of energy, just as a general moves miniature figures over a map before setting his troops in action.From New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, (1932) Freuds work helped shape our understanding of the human mind. Over 100 years later, his research and findings continue to influence our studies on the human mind.

The Potential Factors Affecting The Environment - 1107 Words

1. INTRODUCTION Biodiversity term used for the variety and variability between all types of living organisms such as microorganisms, plants and animals available in a particular area covered by natural conditions. The term biological diversity first coined by Norse and Mc Mangus in 1980 (Rawat and Khare, 2010). According to the U.S. Office of Technology Assessment (1987), biological diversity is the variety and variability among living organisms and the ecological complexes in which they occur. Biological diversity fabricates variability of gene, species and ecosystem (P.D.Sharma, 2015). It is essential for maintain the basic process on which life depends and is a key to sustainable development (Jerath and Chadha, 2006). The heterogeneity of the environment increases the number of resources and results in a higher diversity. Agitation is one of the main factors affecting variation in species (K. Premalatha, 2013). 1.1 Biodiversity of India India is one of the twelve mega-biodiversity countries of the world. Each of the ten bio geographic zones of the country has characteristic biota, and broadly represents similar climatic conditions and constitutes the habitat for diverse species of flora and fauna. Based on a survey of about two-third of the geographical region of country, the Ministry of Forest and Environment reported that India have at present about 45,000 plants and 77,000 of animals species representing about 7% of the world flora and 6.5% of the world faunaShow MoreRelatedEssay about PESTEL Analysis986 Words   |  4 Pagesframework used to scan the organization’s external macro environment which refers to forces that are part of the larger society and affect the micro environment. Selling and marketing goods in the global market intensifies these issues and creates a larger challenge for marketing managers. The macro environment is where organisations do not have any control. Political factors Political factors refer to the stability of the political environment and the attitudes of political parties or movements.Read MoreThe General Macro Environment And Industry Attractiveness1101 Words   |  5 Pagesanalysis looks at the general macro environment and industry attractiveness. A PESTEL analysis will be used to look at the macro environment and Porter’s Five Forces framework will follow to provide a clearer picture of industry attractiveness. PESTEL Kohl’s needs to consider political factors affecting the retail market, which usually pertain to governmental policy. 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Employee Participation in Decision Making - 1447 Words

McCabe and Lewin (cited in Dundon et al., 2004) termed employee voice as a way of expressing complaints or grievances or dissatisfaction and the participation and involvement of employees in decision making process of organization. During the last two decades the revolutionary steps that have been initiated to facilitate the high performance working mainly focused on increasing the ways of joint consultation, which attracts both employers (who demand better business results) and employees (who demand recognition and protection of employee rights) (CIPD, 2009). Employee voice is a very important factor in the success of an organization. Dundon et al. (2004) argues that successful voice regimes not only positively affect the performance†¦show more content†¦sensitive financial and organizational information is shared with employees .these symbolic gestures can make them feel ,they are trust worthy and being treated fairly and openly and they are an important asset for the organization. (Marchington,Wilkinson2005 pp77)This committement can lead to improved performance as committed employess put extra dicretionery effort in to the work. Landau, 2009 concludes that employees who express their voice and their voice is accepted and appreciated ,are more committed,more likely to stay in the organization,have good attitudes about their immediate managers and feel more secure as comapare to those who speak up unsuccessfully. Downward communication takes place in almost all the organizations.different kind of mediums are used to brief employees about the current issues faced by the organization. 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The Psychological Effect Of Academic Achievement Education Essay Free Essays

string(36) " Dubois Award for lower limit of 3\." African American pupils have the chance to gain academic accomplishment awards where pupils of their ain race are their lone competition. Each clip they receive those awards, they are reminded of the demands that had to hold been met in order to make such acknowledgment. The GPA demands for these awards normally equal the mean GPA of their Asiatic and Caucasic schoolmates. We will write a custom essay sample on The Psychological Effect Of Academic Achievement Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, the criterions of these awards statistically pale in comparing to the accomplishments of the Asian and Caucasic pupils. Because there are no tantamount race-specific awards given to Asian or Caucasic pupils, it is clear that there is a disagreement in what society expects from pupils of certain races academically. These awards were created by organisations to actuate these pupils to go on their academic enterprises and possibly accomplish more. This survey attempts to measure the cogency of such awards by the specifying academic excellence for all pupils, irrespective of race. With research, the paper besides attempts to find grounds for possibly take downing the criterions for Afro-american specific awards. Taking in to account all the factors that contribute to a pupil ‘s motive, it is concluded that the awards could merely turn out to be uneffective. Michael-Ann Henry Ms. Emily Sigman Senior Independent Undertaking Spring 2010 The Psychological Consequence of Academic Achievement Awards on African American Students Over the past twosome decennaries, public schools and separate organisations in Montgomery County, Maryland have awarded African American and Latino pupils who display accomplishments in faculty members, leading, and sports. One of these awards was granted to an jock who maintained a 2.5 class point norm ( lone.5 above the ineligibility GPA of 2.0 ) ; another was rewarded to an African American pupil for geting a GPA of 3.0. These awards clearly exclude other populations such as Asiatic Americans and Caucasians. How is it that the pupils of those ethnicities, who typically sit on the more successful terminal of the academic accomplishment spread, are non awarded for similar achievements? Harmonizing to research, it is statistically more of a rareness for Afro-american and Latino pupils to achieve equal degrees of accomplishments when compared to Asians and Caucasians ( NAEP Studies ) . Because such achievement remains uncommon with the pupils of these races, the achievements warrant wages, in the sentiment of the organisations giving the awards. Organizations like Montgomery County ‘s African American Festival of Academic Excellence claim that they seek to â€Å" promote and help African American pupils to endeavor for academic excellence † by showing pupils with congratulatory certifications ( AAFAE Online ) . However, it needs to be proven whether these awards do actuate African-American and Latino pupils to prosecute more academic asperity or whether they set the saloon depression in a manner that indicates that it would be excessively hard for them to accomplish more like their Asiatic and Caucasic opposite numbers. Furthermore, a survey of the possible relationship between the awards and the achievement spread demands to be considered to measure the necessity and effectivity of these awards in our school systems. Challenged by statistical and psychological theories, the cogency of the awards and their ability to motivate more motive in African American pupils has proven, so far, to be uneffective. Context for Evaluation of the Awards In order to find the legitimacy of these academic awards as motivational tools, true academic excellence must be defined. A pupil ‘s grade point norm is normally the first listed demand for the awards in inquiry and therefore, apparently, the most of import and simplest manner to mensurate school performance.. In order to specify academic excellence in footings of a pupil ‘s grade point norm, the national mean GPA of all high school pupils should be considered. Harmonizing to an article by Justin Pope of the Associated Press, in the twelvemonth 2000, the national norm for GPAs was a 2.94. At that clip, the above norm public presentation could hold been defined by a GPA that surpasses 3.0. However, it was reported that in 2005 over a fifth of the high school population claimed to hold a GPA equivalent to an A norm ( Pope ) . Therefore, throughout this survey, a GPA of 3.5 is believed to outdo represent academic excellence in today ‘s society, across the racial spectr um. In short, awards with this demand are less likely to be given due to racially subjective grounds or differing outlooks of pupils based on race. Students awarded based on this demand would undeniably be considered deserving of the acknowledgment that comes with academic excellence. Granted that academic excellence should besides be evaluated along with several other factors-such as each county ‘s assorted methods of making a class point norm, each instructor ‘s or academic section ‘s assorted rating policies, and the pupil ‘s single attempt and socioeconomic position to call a few-this survey specifically analyzes academic awards given chiefly based on grade point norms. Therefore, sorting a GPA that about indicates academic excellence for all races, a 3.5, is necessary to measure the cogency and the effectivity of the awards given to merely Afro-american pupils. Examples of Awards Given While based on the national norm GPA, an above norm GPA would be closer to 3.5, most of the race-specific awards do non necessitate a GPA stopping point to that estimated pot of academic excellence. Within Montgomery County Maryland, the African American Festival of Academic Excellence awards high school pupils in this county who earn a â€Å" cumulative unweighted Grade Point Average ( GPA ) of 3.0 or above or a cumulative leaden GPA of 3.2 or above for all combined high school old ages through the first semester of the current school twelvemonth † . Besides in the Montgomery County country, the Iota Upsilon Lambda Chapter of the Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, a historically Black fraternity grants the undermentioned awards based on the corresponding demands: Jesse Owens Award for jocks with outstanding devotedness to sports and a minimal GPA of 2.5 ; Paul Robeson Award for minimal 3.0 GPA ; and the W.E.B Dubois Award for lower limit of 3. You read "The Psychological Effect Of A cademic Achievement Education Essay" in category "Essay examples"5 GPA. Illustrated in Montgomery County, the disagreement conspicuously separates the races that typically perform good at the high terminal of the accomplishment spread and the races that normally fall short of the criterions of academic excellence. The bulk of the acknowledgment given to African American pupils in Montgomery County does non run into the criterion of excellence that was based upon the mean GPA in the state. Hence, there seems to be a disagreement between the likely definition of â€Å" above norm † for the pupils across the state ( a class point norm of 3.5 or higher ) and the likely definition of â€Å" above norm † for African American pupils. Although the conditions of the listed academic awards still represent all right accomplishments, tantamount certifications and acknowledgment are non given to Asian and Caucasic pupils of in a similar race-specific manner. Based on informations from the National Assessment of Educational Progress ( NAEP ) , if organisation s were to give out the same awards to Caucasian and Asiatic American pupils that met the same demands, the sum of pupils that would have wagess would be overpowering. In contrast, there exists merely a little part of the African American pupil organic structure that reach the criterions of those academic awards. This disparity in the awarding system for pupils of different races nowadayss itself non merely in Montgomery County, but besides throughout the state. In the San Francisco Unified School District, the territory itself hosts a community event known as the Annual African American Student Honor Roll Parade and Celebration honouring â€Å" all center and high school pupils with a 3.0 class point norm or above for the past two semesters, along with the 10 top accomplishing pupils from each simple school in the territory † ( Robbins ) . However, the degree of acknowledgment seems indefensible when a pupil with a 3.0 does run into the same criterion to which other pupils are held for the non-race specific academic awards they would be eligible to have. Superintendent of Schools in that San Francisco territory, Waldemar Rojas, besides yearly presents a particular gold embossed plaque, â€Å" the Academic Excellence Award † to all Afro-american center and high school pupils with a 4.0 GPA ( Robbins ) . Even though the conditional GPA of this award seems to transcend the antecedently decided definition of academic excellence, in footings of GPA, there was no grounds that equal acknowledgment was given to pupils of other races who achieved the same. In Seattle Public Schools ( 2003 ) , â€Å" more than 140 African American pupils from Garfield High School [ were ] recognized for their academic accomplishment at the Ku’Onesha Awards. These pupils have achieved a class point norm of 3.0 or higher † sponsored by the â€Å" Parents for African American Student Excellence ( PAASE ) , a multicultural group dedicated to shuting the academic accomplishment spread at Garfield High School † ( â€Å" Seattle ‘s Public Schools † ) . Therefore, the incompatibility among the awards given to pupil of assorted races becomes clear when there is no clear tantamount acknowledgment for academic accomplishment given to specifically Asians and Caucasic pupils. It is apparent that there is inequality in the presenting systems across the state ; the Afro-american pupils get awards with less demanding conditions than what the national norm GPA implies the demands should be, while the pupils of the races on the statistic ally better side of the academic accomplishment spread, receive no acknowledgment for equal accomplishment. The latter pupils must vie with all races to have more requirement intensive awards ( Divoky 220 ) . Reasons for Race-Specific Academic Awards In order to decide the evident disparity, the grounds for presenting second-rate accomplishment ( or achievement deemed mediocre for pupils of other races ) must be analyzed. Why do organisations and school systems feel that it is necessary to allow race-specific academic awards to African American pupils? The allowance of these lowered outlooks and demands for African American pupils must be argued and evaluated by statistical and historical informations Sandra Graham, who studied motive in African American pupils, define motive as a perceptual experience of the â€Å" likeliness of achieving a end and the value ( affect ) associated with that end attainment † ( 57 ) . Thus we must dig into the factors that influence this perceptual experience of what can be attained. The deficit of internal motive for the bulk of African American pupils has been the beginning of argument of pedagogues across the state. One theory claims that within the African American pupil community, there is animus towards the high-achieving that stems from cultural associations, making an environment that discourages larning. Therefore, the awards may function as a physical manner to battle the verbal â€Å" put-downs † that can impede a pupil from accomplishing self-actualization in academe. Harmonizing to a survey performed by the University of Illinois, Afro-american high school pupils who considered themselves really good pupils were shown to be more likely to be the victims of verbal maltreatment from their equals ( Cherry ) . â€Å" The survey farther suggests that covering with classmate squelchs can do it hard for good pupils to larn while doing it near impossible for behind to catch up ( Cherry ) . Harmonizing Fordham and Ogbu who studied internal cultural pr ejudice, high accomplishing African American pupils tend to be labeled by their academic strive as â€Å" moving white † ( 178 ) . As clarified by Tyson, Darity, and Castellino, the formation of the term, â€Å" moving white † was portion of a larger oppositional civilization constructed by African Americans in response to their history of captivity and favoritism. The oppositional individuality was said to be â€Å" portion of a cultural orientation toward schooling which exists within the minority community † ( Tyson, Darity, and Castellino 583 ) . Thus, some African Americans claim that academic accomplishment should non be extremely valued in the community because such actions have been associated with the standard norms of success among Caucasic Americans. Therefore, academic awards, specifically given to African American pupils, may hold lowered criterions for retrieval to equal this force against instruction in the African American community. The end of t he awards in this instance would be to allow the pupil with assurance that what their difficult work in school is worth the possible ridicule because of the hereafter success. School systems and private organisations would make these race-specific awards besides to possibly excite motive when pupils face hard socio-economic and place environment related issues that result in less drive to win. As indicated by the U.S. Census Bureau ‘s survey of kids younger than 18 life in households, 27 per centum of Latino kids and 30 per centum of black kids live in poorness, compared with approximately 13 per centum of white kids. Harmonizing Graham research of the motive of African American pupils old â€Å" societal scientistsaˆÂ ¦found it easy to associate differences between Blacks and White persons in household construction to differences in their accomplishment demands † ( 60 ) . Graham cited George Mussen as holding conducted first comparative racial survey on the demand to accomplish, or a pupil ‘s motive. Thereafter, 18 more surveies arose that fundamentally tested for the same information, the degree of each race of pupils ‘ dema nd to accomplish. Seven out of 19 surveies, or 36 % , reported Whites to be higher in the demand to accomplish than Blacks, ( Graham 61 ) . Graham goes on to reason that â€Å" even though African Americans appeared to be lower in the accomplishment motivation in these surveies, they reported educational and vocational aspirations equal to or higher than their White opposite numbers. † This means that they were merely every bit likely as Caucasians to draw a bead on to travel to college and to come in high position professions ( Graham 66 ) Therefore the awards could be given to bring forth this demand to accomplish that compels pupils to hold higher aspirations and academic successes and hence associate the awards with the wagess that difficult work brings in the hereafter such post-secondary instruction and a steady occupation. Graham continues to indicate out the concrete correlativity between hapless socio-economic position and low motive. Therefore, the awards could supp ly the encouragement that their economic state of affairs knees. The Research Center for the organisation known as Editorial Projects in Education asserts that, â€Å" the disparities in accomplishment are frequently attributed to socioeconomic factors † . As referenced earlier, Graham noticed that motive was lower among pupils of certain socioeconomic position, non pupils in a peculiar race. Therefore, the academic awards do non necessitate to be race specific because race entirely has no correlativity to the deficiency of motive. While the proportions of African American and Latino pupils who achieve good academically continue to increase, there is still a clear disparity between those who are rewarded for their accomplishments with relation to ethnicity. Illustrated in Montgomery County, the disagreement conspicuously separates the races that typically perform good at the high terminal of the accomplishment spread and the races that normally fall short of the criterions of academic excellence. Harmonizing to the U.S. Census Bureau Ã¢â‚¬Ë œs survey of kids younger than 18 life in households, 27 per centum of Latino kids and 30 per centum of black kids live in poorness, compared with approximately 13 per centum of white kids. Graham goes on to reason that â€Å" even though African Americans appeared to be lower in the accomplishment motivation in these surveies, they reported educational and vocational aspirations equal to or higher than their White opposite numbers. † This means that they were merely every bit likely as Caucasians to draw a bead on to travel to college and to come in high position professions ( Graham 66 ) The Research Center for the organisation known as Editorial Projects in Education asserts that, â€Å" the disparities in accomplishment are frequently attributed to socioeconomic factors † . As referenced earlier, Graham noticed that motive was lower among pupils of certain socioeconomic position, non pupils in a peculiar race. Therefore, the academic awards do non necessitate to be race specific because race entirely has no correlativity to the deficiency of motive. Therefore, the deficiency of motive among African American pupils is non a subscriber to the accomplishment but the deficit of thrust in pupils who live in hapless economic conditions remains the job. Unfortunately, African Americans and Hispanics go on to organize the bulk of the economically down-trotted. Conversely, we must besides retrieve that non all African Americans are in economic adversity while there are several Caucasian and Asiatic American pupils in hapless socioeconomic state of affairss who can non have awards that encourage to them endeavor academically despite their state of affairs further set uping inequality within our school systems. The Academic Achievement Gap Although it has been concluded that African American pupils are capable of bring forthing adequate motive for great accomplishment, despite some possible obstructions, the statistics still problem pedagogues as there still clear differences between the racial groups of pupils ( see Figure1 ) . Fig. 1. Swerve in Grade Point Average by Race/Ethnicity, â€Å" NAEP 2005 HSTS: Grade Point Average, Entire GPA. † NAEP. U.S. Department of Education. Web. 3 Jan. 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //nationsreportcard.gov/hsts_2005/hs_gpa_3a_1.asp? tab_id=tab3 A ; subtab_id=Tab_1 # chart gt ; . The mean GPA for Asian and Pacific Islander pupils throughout the U.S. surpasses all other groups with a 3.16, a class point norm higher than most of the demands for the African American particular academic awards. Black pupils remain at the bottom terminal of the GPA spectrum with a GPA of 2.69. Taking this figure in to account, school systems and private organisations that create the academic awards in inquiry clearly must hold made the demands low plenty to do certain that there would be some feasible campaigners for such awards. But if these organisations continue to further the thought that 3.0 is an academic range, some African American pupils will ne’er make above that saloon. By puting the saloon at such a degree, I hypothesize that it sends a message to African American pupils that they are hardly capable of making their opposite numbers ‘ mean tonss. Why Awards with Mediocre Requirements Do Not Work As Incentives for Education No affair what the grounds are for presenting African American pupils for mean work, the permanent effects of such acknowledgment and attending on mediocre accomplishments have yet to be to the full examined. Based on psychological inclinations, trying to put extrinsic value on instruction, particularly through the representation of a simple piece of paper, in attempt to supply an inducement to larn proves uneffective with striplings ( Plotnik 333 ) . In order to bring forth more of an intrinsic desire to accomplish, Henry Murray ‘s original theory on human motive must be understood. He â€Å" observed that persons vary in their inclination or desire to make things good and vie against a criterion of excellence † ( Graham 60 ) . Alternatively of seeking to make an inducement to larn, pedagogues who desire to shut the accomplishment spread should arouse with the intrinsic motives within pupils by puting the academic accomplishment saloon even higher. How to cite The Psychological Effect Of Academic Achievement Education Essay, Essay examples

The Legend of Mulan a Heroine of Ancient China Essay Essay Example

The Legend of Mulan: a Heroine of Ancient China Essay Paper Hua Mulan ( ) was a legendary heroine from ancient China. She disguised her brother in order to take her father’s topographic point in the ground forces. courageously supporting her state and gloriously returning place. Her narrative comes from a fable. which was passed down and recite over many old ages. so I still can’t make up ones mind whether or non Mulan was a historical individual. However. I found that some of the facts in her narrative are based on historical events that day of the month to the Northern Wei dynasty period ( 386-534 ) . Mulan is the heroine in the Ballad of Mulan ( ) . At the really beginning of the lay. Mulan was weaving at her loom room. From the first sentence. â€Å"Click. clap. Click. clap. † I know that Mulan was weaving. when all of a sudden. the sound of loom and bird stopped. and alternatively Mulan sighed. because she saw her father’s name on the ground forces notice. The Emperor was naming for military personnels. Her male parent was excessively old to fall in the ground forces. and her younger brother was excessively immature. so Mulan decided to travel to conflict in her father’s topographic point. We will write a custom essay sample on The Legend of Mulan: a Heroine of Ancient China Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Legend of Mulan: a Heroine of Ancient China Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Legend of Mulan: a Heroine of Ancient China Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Then she went to four markets: E. West. south. and north. Harmonizing to Chinese tradition. each of the four waies is connected with a different component. viz. . wood. metal. fire. and H2O. The 5th traditional component is earth. Mulan. as a kid of the Earth. hoped the elements could give her power and bravery to get the better of troubles. She took leave of her parents at morning. and they yelled at her as she left. because they knew she would decease if anyone were to happen out she was a adult female. In the base on balls. the military cantonment banned adult females from come ining. so she dressed in her armour as a soldier before she rode off with others. because she could non allow people happen out her secret. Gradually. she no longer heard her parents’ voices. merely the rumble of the Yellow River. Traversing this. she reached the Black Mountains. Mulan couldn’t hear her parents’ voice any more. merely the neighing of enemy’s Equus caballuss. That was a long March. Time moved fast. Mulan rode 10 1000 stat mis to the battleground. She crossed the extremums and passed the mountains like a bird in the conflict. Here the lay tells us that Mulan had fought so many times in conflict that she has become superior in soldierly humanistic disciplines. Life was really hard in the cantonment. with war membranophones pealing in the brickle air. and she needed to kip in the cold air at dark. I think she could digest those troubles because she had a religion in protecting her state and household. The war dragged on. and generals died one after another after in 100s of conflicts. Ten old ages subsequently. the conflicts ended. and the soldiers returned place. Above. merely several sentences described the conflicts. so did they have victory? I think they must hold won in conflict. and Mulan took the most of import consequence. because the Emperor gave her many awards. However. Mulan didn’t accept anything. alternatively merely bespeaking for a strong camel to transport her back place shortly. Although the Emperor granted Mulan’s petition. I keep inquiring whether the Emperor knew she was a adult female. and would he hold still made the same determination if he found out. I know women’s position was really low in ancient China. and they relied on the work forces to populate. When Mulan’s parents heard of their daughter’s return. they came out and welcomed her. because they missed their miss so much. When Mulan’s elder sister and younger brother heard. her senior sister instantly prepared to travel out. and younger brother sharpened his knife to butcher a hog and sheep for a banquet in Mulan’s award. The first thing Mulan did was return to looking like a regular lady when she arrived at place. Although she had dressed as a adult male for more than ten old ages. she still remembered who she was. Her companions were all surprised when Mulan stepped out to see them. They were startled because they neer knew she was a adult female. even though they had fought together for 12 old ages. I don’t cognize why the companions didn’t figure out that she was a adult female either. I guess Mulan must hold lived really carefully in the military cantonment. because work forces and adult females still have differences. such as different physical strength and visual aspect. Mulan used a male coney and female cervid for illustration. Peoples know the vaulting horse likes to skip and jump. while the Department of Energy prefers to sit still with its narrow eyes. But in times of danger. how can people state which is male. and which is female when the two run side by side. Complicated and confounding ( ) is a phrase that comes from the Ballad of Mulan to depict something that is complicated and difficult to detect. Passed down from coevals to coevals. Mulan’s narrative has made her a widely known common people heroine throughout China. where school kids still learn the verse form by bosom. Her gallantry. trueness to state. and devotedness to household inspired many poets. authors. and artists to reproduce her narrative. In American. an alive movie was produced as a Disney sketch. Mulan. which was based on the Chinese fable of Hua Mulan. Although that was a similar narrative with similar secret plans. the film made many alterations. for illustration. cutting down some scenes and adding some wit and love affair. In Gao Li’s survey about the difference between different civilizations ( Gao. 2006 ) . she mentioned three differences between Chinese civilization and American Culture. I agree with some of her sentiments. China is a traditional state with a really long history that informs its civilization. In ancient China. because people were affected by Confucianism. Taoism. and Buddhism. they knew and kept their places good. They normally separated work forces. who tilled the land. and adult females who wove the fabric ( ) . Because work forces were considered as superior to adult female. adult female ever followed the Confucian moralss to remain home. This is reflected in the first sentence in the Ballad of Mulan. in which Mulan is merely like a traditional miss sitting at her loom and weaving with her bird. Furthermore. she changed back to the lady’s frock as her first action when she returned home. This means that Mulan knew her topographic point. and she needed to maintain t o his individuality in feudal society. But Mulan the Disney film shows a really outgoing miss. She thought she couldn’t be a traditional Chinese miss. who was supposed to be graceful. demure. and quiet. She preferred freedom to cosmetics. This point is really fitting for modern American civilization. but households wouldn’t have let Mulan move like that in ancient China. Her female parent was busy refering herself with the inside informations of her future matrimony. but she merely messed up everything. The matcher even said. â€Å"You will neer convey your household award! † which truly beat Mulan’s bosom. When she heard her male parent needed to fall in the ground forces once more. she knew he would neer last another journey into conflict with his old lesions. Finally. she decided to take his father’s topographic point in the ground forces. For the same determination. the legendary Mulan merely wanted to be loyal to her state and filial to her parents. Mulan in the film showed some of the same features. but she wanted more. In the film. after people found out she was a adult female they left her entirely. She said. â€Å"I idea I came here to salvage my male parent. but possibly what I truly wanted was to turn out I could make things right. † This is a theoretical account that Disney tries to put up: a brave and independent miss. In America. people encourage the equality of work forces and adult females. and adult females can take of import places in society. In the film. even though Mulan’s secret was uncovered. she didn’t acquire any penalty. because she saved the Emperor and state. The Emperor even bowed to her in forepart of his people. Standing before an Emperor in a feudal society. whether you won a large triumph or contributed the state a batch you could merely be given you assorted wagess. He would neer bow to other people. because that would look beneath his self-respect as the â€Å"Son of Heaven. † That cultural context is wholly different from the American thought of equality. We can see. so that the image of Mulan is different in different civilizations. Mulan in the Disney film is near to the modern constructs of equality. so I can experience she was a modern individual. but Mulan in the lay lived a long clip ago. and she was more of a historical individual. so her thought would be traditional. I believed that if she were from a modern state. she could hold been allowed to contribution more straight to her state. because women’s rights have improved over clip. I am non stating that Disney’s alterations to the image of Mulan are incorrect. because I know people will alter their ways of believing due to their civilization. Movies still need some elements of amusement to pull an audience. I can state that the Disney Mulan was more acceptable for American given its box office success. In any instance. even if the two Mulans come from different epochs. they are still both remembered by people now. Plants Cited: * Book1. Lee. Jeanne M. The Song of Mu Lan. Hong Kong: Blaze I. P. I. . 1995. 2. Marsoli. Lisa A. Disney’s Mulan Classic Storybook. USA: Disney Enterprises. Inc. 1998. * Internet1. Wikipedia. Hua Mulan. Nov. 10. 2010. Wikimedia Foundation. Inc. Nov. 21. 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Hua_Mulan gt ; . 2. Yuan. Jack. Ballad of Mulan. Apr. 22. 2010. Wikimedia Foundation. Inc. Nov. 21. 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikisource. org/wiki/Ballad_of_Mulan gt ; . 3. Wikipedia. Mulan. Nov. 12. 2010. Wikimedia Foundation. Inc. Nov. 21. 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Mulan_ % 281998_film % 29 gt ; . 4. Gao L. â€Å"A Study on Chinese and American Cultural Differences through the Comparison of Ode of Mulan and the Movie Mulan† . Journal of Huaihua University. Mar. 2006. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. cqvip. com/onlineread/onlineread. asp? ID=21886545 A ; SUID=EGBNBFDH DNCBCOPIBOLG EMCBCDOIPNFP gt ;

Madness-Hamlet essays

Madness-Hamlet essays Webster defines being mad as disordered in intellect and insane, and in Hamlet the defining theme is that of madness. As the many layers of the tragedy of Prince Hamlet unfold, characters who are crazy, insane, furious, infatuated, and madly in love are introduced. Prince Hamlet, the main character of the play, responds: Seems, madam? Nay, it is. I know not seems. (1.2.79) to a simple comment his mother makes. Seems is not important to the conversation, yet he makes a point of stating that he does not know what the word seems means. Curious minds wonder: Does he know the meaning of seems, and play on it to confuse his mother, or is he truly gone so mad as to no longer know the meaning of an unmistakable five-letter word. He later says to himself: O, that this too, too sullied flesh would melt, thaw, and resolve itself into a dew, Hamlet is not wanting to die, but to change; he wants to become something simpler. He is perplexed at his own humanity and that of those cl ose to him. Hamlet does not get along well with Polonius, the father of his girlfriend, but Polonius sums up the madness in the play better than any other character in saying: More grief to hide than hate to utter love. (2.1.133) Polonius is discussing suppressed emotions and masking ones true feelings. In the end, those who needed forgiveness find it in each other where they had least expected to find it. There are many parts of the play where I believe he must be mad, but I understand what drove him to lunacy: His fathers death, a murder by his uncle, the marriage of his mother and his fathers killer, his true love being driven away from him, his being disallowed to return to the one place that he is happy: school. On a final note, I believe that the only two truly sane characters, Hamlet and Ophelia, are driven to insanity by those surrounding them...

Anti-alcoholism Programms - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Anti-alcoholism Programms - Smart Custom Writing Gulf Spill's Estimated Impact May Be More than $1.7 Billionâ€Å"If tourism losses reach 30 percent and fishing losses 80 percent what Addy called the worst-case scenario the overall economic loss would reach more than $3.3 billion, with almost 49,000 jobs wiped out and up to $150 million in state and local tax revenues not collected† (Woodruff, By Cosby). The British Petroleum oil spill is measured as a cost in monetary value. However, it is more than that. It is a failure of policy. An act of greed. A disrespect of life itself. Rebecca Solnit has shed light on all the widespread repercussions of the British oil spill in her article entitled ‘Diary’. She has effectively used pathos as well as ethos to communicate her claim and I strongly agree that the combination of both these is necessary to explain such an issue. Moreover, she has mentioned first hand and gathered insight from the ground workers themselves. Thus, I support her approach on the issue. The article, based on the writer’s personal experience, has the appeal to ethos as well as pathos right in the opening paragraph which immediately identifies that the writers is well-informed and is absolutely clear about her approach to the argument. This method is reasonably effective to explain an environmental issue because such issues inherently involve both the use of facts as well as an appeal to ones feelings. The article starts by a vivid description of the most perfect environment to live in, with ‘oak trees’, ‘Spanish moss and Mardi grass beads’,’ beautiful old houses with turrets’ and most importantly, ‘no refineries’ for miles.   Suddenly, the reader is engaged with an abrupt transition from the thoughts of the heavenly abode to the bitter reality, that is, of the existence of ‘powerful smell of gasoline’ and a ‘strange metallic taste in ones mouth’. Here, the writer has effectively gained the reader’s attention by reminding them that the even the most serene environments, free from massive development, are negatively affected by the BP oil spills. Moreover, the writer also pinpoints the inadequate measures taken by the authorities in regard to the spills. She reminds the reader of the fact that the tragic incident of the British Petroleum oil spill was only catered for or more appropriately, temporarily unplugged, in mid-July. Millions of gallons of oil was still floating in the ocean and travelling in the air.   She also highlights the fact that the handout published by the Disease Control and Prevention and the Environmental Protection Agency was unhelpful. Furthermore, it provided evidence of the policy maker’s indifference as the handout bluntly stated ‘These effects should go away when levels go down or when a person leaves the area’. However, she presents a weak argument to support her assertion. The fact that a birdwatcher, Drew Wheelan, wrote on his blog, ‘that 20 hours later my mouth and tongue still feel as though they’ve been burned by a hot liquid’, does not provide concrete evidence that the effects ward off with distance. It might just be a fictitious claim or an attempt to generate negative propaganda. If the claim was verifiable or has she been able to establish Drew Wheelan as a reliable source, than the case might have been in her favour. The writer has accommodated all class of people being affected by the environmental damage in her article to highlight the widespread affects of the spills. She writes. ‘ it’s home, for pregnant women, for children, for old people who’ve spent their entire lives here, for people who love the place passionately   †¦ And for countless birds, fish, crustaceans, cetaceans and other ocean life. The spill has hit them all hard’. Here, the use of pathos is again very effective as she instantly strikes an emotional cord when she mentions that people of all age group, gender and medical condition are adversely affected by the traumatic repercussions of the oil spill. Her approach to the oil spill being better explained as synonymous to a blowout on policy also identifies her deep understating of the widespread repercussions of the issue. She claimed that she also saw the pictures of oiled pelicans like the others, but insists that the sensitivity of the issue is far complex than just a spill causing threat to life (human and animal both). It is actually a failure of policy under ‘the Bush-era corruption that turned the Minerals Management Service into a crony-ridden camp’. Here again, she has been able to highlight another flaw in the system which most of the articles on environmental damage fail to account for. Along with highlighting the failure of the companies and policies involved, she has also pointed the general apathy and ignorance of the people. She emphasized that petrol is part of our daily life, we are well aware of the threats posed, but never bother. Thus, she has rightfully held both profit oriented companies and people responsible for the hazards. This also adds complexity to her approach on the issue and makes it more appropriate. Most of the facts mentioned have been gathered through reliable sources like CNN and the employees themselves. For example, she mentions the BP clean up worker who quit because he was asked to only remove the surface sand. Similarly, another worker was fired on questioning over the clean up process and keeping the media at bay. Workers had to sign non-disclosure agreements and all their recording technologies were confiscated. All these provide evidence that the BP was well aware of the health and environmental violations but displayed unexplainable apathy. Perhaps the strongest argument presented by the author is the comparison between natural and technological disasters. She explains that hurricanes come, wreck and are soon over. Hurricane Katrina alone led to eight million gallons of petroleum being spilled. However, the damage was rectified. However, the damage posed by technological disasters like meltdowns, contaminations and toxic spills can neither be measured and nor be controlled. Effectively Building her argument further, she explains that ‘uncertainty has been central to the horror of spills’ as ‘the spill has no clear termination, no precedent, there’s little that ordinary people can do to respond, and no imaginable end to its consequences’. As mentioned earlier, the writer has cleverly presented the issues of people with differences in age, gender and social status. She quotes a poor tattoo artist, the person who called the first big demonstration against BP in New Orleans and co-founder of the organization ‘Murdered Gulf’, saying that ‘I don’t even eat seafood anymore, because that shit’s fucked up.’ Similarly, she highlights the threat to the $330 million fishing industry posed by the diversion of Mississippi river water. The industry is the livelihood of highly skilled but poorly educated people. On the other hand, a University of Alabama economist, Sam Addy claims that "Water transportation was not affected to our knowledge, fishing lost at least one major season out of two annually, and tourism was not wiped out al though it was severely impacted in the two coastal counties". The evidence against this assertion is the fact that twenty-one years after the Exxon Valdez spill, fishing industry has not revived. It is unjust to deny the repercussions and avoid taking responsibility of one’s act. Moreover, the existence of adverse affects after twenty-one years presses one to ponder how long would the BP oil spills last and what will be the repercussions.   The article finishes on the same note and thus, a solemn message was communicated effectively. Almost all the aspects of the issue were covered and diverse perspectives were also highlighted. Woodruff, By Cosby. "Gulf Spill's Estimated Impact May Be More than $1.7 Billion | Montgomeryadvertiser.com | Montgomery Advertiser." Montgomeryadvertiser.com | Montgomery Advertiser | Montgomery News, Community, Entertainment, Yellow Pages and Classifieds. Serving Montgomery, AL. 06 Nov. 2010. Web. 06 Nov. 2010. montgomeryadvertiser.com/article/20101106/NEWS02/11060346/Gulf spill s estimated impact may be more than 1.7 billion.

Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Geography - Essay Example She even added that since no huge uprisings have taken place, the UN estimated a total death toll of 60,000 by the starting of 2013. The article further cites an event of airstrikes that were conducted on gas station located in the region of Damascus and the article states that Pillay’s estimates of the death toll of 60,000 might be correct. The article further states that the Syrian Observatory of Human Rights have stated that a total of 45,000 deaths have taken place and those who have died are mostly civilians living in Syria, the report provided by UN failed to distinguish whether more civilian lives or more combatants lives have been taken away (UN, 2013). Pillay further adds that if a resolution to the conflict is not figured out, soon there will be more deaths and sufferings. The most intriguing part of the entire article was not that over 60,000 lives have been taken away; the most intriguing part was Pillay’s statement that a resolution is necessary. This led me to figure out what is being done to solve the issue. To find answers I found an article written by Ayman Mohyeldin who is a correspondent with NBC News and she states that $60 million amount has been accepted by the US to give aid to the people of Syria and this aid is not lethal in nature (Mohyeldin, 2013). The article writer asserts that this kind of aid is very necessary but it is not going to be helpful in resolving the issue. The most eye catching element stated in the article is the UN has levied a ban on using arms to support the case of Syria. This is of high concern because several civilian lives have been lost in the battle and still there is no resolution and many more will be taken away until some real help in the shape of arms and ammunition and military support is extended to Syria. This is because even if the people of Syria outnumber the army, still the

Research assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research assignment - Essay Example In an attempt to curb Iran’s nuclear program, France, Germany, and Britain persuaded Tehran to abandon its nuclear ambitions in exchange for peaceful civilian energy programs. Under the deal, Iran was to disclose its past nuclear activities, stop enrichment, and ratify additional protocol to the NPT. Tehran accepted the deal and signed the additional NPT protocol in December 2003. It also suspended uranium enrichment in November 2004 in exchange for aid and renewed trade talks. Because the deal appeared to work, America responded by dropping objections on Tehran’s efforts of joining the World Trade Organization. However, in 2005, the agreement broke down following the election of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (Katzman 23). In 2005, Tehran breached the IAEA’s seals by resuming uranium conversion at its Esfahan facility. The move raised concerns about Tehran’s commitment to NPT and also security fears in the region. Because Tehran was no longer committed to the previous agreements, the issue became a great concern to the US. American indeed had some good reasons to worry about security threats from a nuclear-armed Iran. First, president Ahmadinejad pursued an aggressive foreign policy, which was a direct threat to the US interests and its allies in the Middle East. Second, Tehran has links with radical groups such as Hamas and Hezbollah, which it can use to attack the US. Third, there is a considerable risk that Iran could share its nuclear technology with Islamic extremists such as al-Qaeda. Lastly, Iran’s missiles pose a significant threat to the US forces, ships, and allies in the Gulf (Katzman 31). Iran’s nuclear program is still prioritized in the US foreign policy because there is no permanent future deal in place. However, the lection of Hassan Rouhani raised hopes of a new nuclear deal that could limit Tehran’s capability to develop

Conductivity :: essays research papers

Super conductivity is a natural phenomenon in which certain materials such as metals, alloys, and ceramics, can conduct electricity without resistance. These materials are what we call superconductors. In a superconductor, once the flow of electrons begins, it essentially goes on forever, making it an important material to humans. Superconductivity was discovered by a Dutch scientist by the name of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911. While researching properties of materials at absolute zero, this man found out that certain materials lost its resistance to the flow of electrons. For years to come, his discovery was at the head of theoretical interest. The only problem though, was that people at that time could not even think of a way to produce such a temperature, to allow materials to be superconductors at all times. This all changed in 1986 when Karl Muller and George Bednorz were working at the IBM Research Division in Zurich, Switzerland. They found a material that reached supercond uctivity at around 35 degrees Kelvin or –238 degrees Celsius. In the next year, a team of Chinese-American physicists declared that they had found a material that reached superconductivity at 92 degrees Kelvin. This was a big improvement. 92 degrees Kelvin is not a very high temperature, in fact, it is the equivalent of –181 degrees Celsius. Locating superconducting material above 77 degree Kelvin is a good thing because it means that the material will be easily produced and used. A theoretical understanding of superconductivity was advanced in 1957 by American physicists John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and John Schrieffer. Their Theories of Superconductivity became know as the BCS theory (which came from each mans last name) and won them a Nobel prize in 1972. The BCS theory explained superconductivity at temperatures close to absolute zero. However, at higher temperatures and with different superconductor systems, the BCS theory has consequently became insufficient to ful ly explain electron behavior. The Type 1 category of superconductors is basically made up of pure metals that normally show conductivity at room temperature. They require really cold temperatures to slow down molecular vibrations enough to facilitate unrestrained electron flow in agreement to the BCS theory. BCS theory suggests that electrons team up in cooper pairs in order to help each other overcome molecular obstacles. Type 1 superconductors were discovered first and require the coldest temperatures to become superconductive. They are characterized by a very sharp transition to a superconducting state.

Microbiology Coursework: Bacillus Cereus

Microbiology Coursework: Bacillus cereus After investigation following on outbreak of food poisoning at a pizza restaurant, it was found that all suffers had consumed a portion of side salad from the self-service salad bar alongside their main dish. Subsequently, this was further traced to a rice salad. Environmental Health Officers investigating this outbreak suspected it may have been caused by Bacillus cereus (B. cereus). The presence of large numbers of B. cereus in a food is indicative of active growth and proliferation of the organism and is consistent with a potential hazard to health. The diagnosis of B. ereus can be confirmed by the isolation of more than 105 B. cereus organisms per gram from epidemiologically implicated food, but such testing is often not done because the illness is relatively harmless and usually self-limiting 1. Design a method(s) to enumerate the: i)Total bacterial count ii)Bacillus cereus count In the rice saladThis outbreak of food poisoning could be i nvestigated by performing an enumeration (plate count) of the total viable bacteria in the rice salad on a general non-selective agar using either the pour or the spread plate method. To confirm that the outbreak had been caused by any B. ereus present in the rice salad a selective media agar, such as mannitol egg yolk polymixin agar (MEYP/MYP), should be used. Once B. cereus has been confirmed a further enumeration of the B. cereus should be performed on the MEYP/MYP agar selective media plate to show whether the amount of B. cereus present is within the range known to cause food poisoning 105–107 cells g? 1 of food for Diarrhoeal syndrome, or 105–108 cells g? 1 of food for Emetic syndrome. (Granum & Lund, 2006) To perform a total cell count and the confirmation of B. cereus by either the pour or spread plate method the equipment required is as follows:General non-selective agar Mannitol egg yolk polymixin agar (MEYP/MYP) Petri dishes Glass or disposable â€Å"hockey stick† spreader Bunsen burner Test tubes Ringers solution Pastettes / Pippettes Food blender Before a cell count can be performed a serial dilution of an homogenate of the rice salad is required. For this one part rice salad is blended to nine part ringers solution, from this initial homogenate that the serial dilution is created by taking 1ml of this original and adding it to 9ml of ringers solution thereby creating a 1:10 dilution of the original.This step is repeated a further 5 times, each time taking 1ml from the dilution created in the previous tube and adding it to 9ml of ringers solution thereby with each step the original sample is diluted by a further factor of 10, (Figure 1). Once the serial dilution has been completed down to a dilution of 1:1,000,000 (10-6) either the pour or spread plate method of plating out of the samples can be performed Figure 1: Serial dilution When using a general non-selective agar both the pour and spread plate methods can be used for en umeration of the total bacteria in the rice salad.With both methods all plates are performed in triplicate. Along-side the non-selective agar, an agar such as MEYP/MYP selective agar which is selective for B. cereus can be used to confirm that B. cereus is present in the original sample. In the pour plate method 1ml or 0. 1ml of each of the dilutions prepared earlier within the serial dilution are added to individual petri dishes and a nutrient agar which is held at around 50oC is poured over each of these samples, the petri dishes are swirled causing gentle agitation and mixing the bacteria with the agar.After the agar has solidified the plates are incubated, after this incubation the pour plates show bacterial growth both on and within the agar due to aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. In the spread plate method 0. 1ml of each of the serial dilution solutions is pipetted onto the surface of a pre-poured agar plate and spread using a â€Å"hockey stick† spreader, the agar plate s are then incubated. Bacterial colonies only grow on the surface of the spread plate, (Figure 2) Figure 2: Method of Pour and spread plate technique. Microbial Growth, 2011) Once the plates have been incubated they are examined and the number of colonies counted, only plates that show between 30-300 colonies are counted, if the number of colonies is above 300 then the plate is discarded as too numerous to count, if below 30 it is discarded as too few to count. After the plates showing between 30-300 colonies have been counted the number of bacteria in the original sample can be worked out using the calculation Number of colonies on plate x dilution of sample = number of bacteria / mlIf growth has occurred on the MEYP/MYP plates, a Gram stain can be performed on a sample from one of the colonies, when the gram stain is examined under oil immersion B. cereus should appear as large Gram-positive bacilli in short-to-long chains; with spores that are ellipsoidal, central to subterminal, and that do not swell the sporangium. (Tallent, Rhodehamel , Harmon, & Bennett, 2012) (Figure 3) Figure 3: flow diagram showing order of events leading to the enumeration of total bacteria and Bacillus cereus in a sample of food. 2.Explain why MEYP/MYP agar is selective for Bacillus cereus B. cereus is mannitol-negative. The mannitol content of the medium thus allows differentiation of the accompanyingmannitol-positive microbial flora which are identified by a change in colour of the indicator phenol red to yellow. B. cereus is not affected by concentrations of polymyxin which inhibit the common accompanying microbial flora (Donovan, 1958). Addition of polymyxin is necessary, however, if the sample material is suspected to contain high-numbers of accompanying microorganisms B. cereus produces lecithinase.The insoluble degradation products of egg-yolk lecithin accumulate around the Cereus colonies to form a white precipitate. A lecithinase reaction occurs very early in many strains, Cereus colonies can, therefore, often be rapidly identified before accompanying polymyxin-resistant microorganisms have had a chance to fully develop. Incubation: 18-40 hours at 32  °C. B. cereus appears as rough, dry colonies with a pink to purple base which are surrounded by a ring of dense precipitate. Colonies surrounded by a yellow or a clear zone are not Bacillus cereus.Further tests should be performed to confirm the identity of Bacillus cereus (anaerobic degradation of D(+)glucose, degradation of gelatin, positive nitrate reduction). (Merck, 2012) 3. Suggest how health officers may have come to the tentative conclusion of B. cereus poisoning. Health officers may have come to this conclusion based on the short incubation time to the sudden onset of illness, and due to rice already being implicated as the source of this type of food poisoning in other cases. 4. Suggest ways in which: i. The rice salad might have been infected by the Bacillus cereus; ii.The Bacillus cereus c ould have survived the normal cooking process of the rice; iii. Bacillus cereus causes food poisoning. B. cereus is present in the outer casing of rice and, because it is able to form spores that are very resistant to low or high temperatures, it can therefore easily survive cooking and less-than perfect refrigeration. Improper storage of food stuffs is the issue. Bacillus cereus spores can survive boiling and if the food, in this case rice is stored at ambient temperature, the spores can germinate into toxin producing bacteria. Herriman, 2009) Bacillus cereus has been reported to be present in stools of healthy humans at varying levels (Johnson, 1984) therefore if an individual had not washed their hands after going to the toilet then handled the serving spoon any B. cereus from the hands could be transferred to the serving spoon which in turn could either infect the rice salad or the hand of the person next using the spoon. When rice is boiled and then stored in the fridge without being cooled first, these spores can germinate on the cooked rice and grow well at 4oC.If the rice is then used in a stir fry or similar dish, where the cooking time is relatively short, or the rice is held at an insufficient temperature enough of the bacteria survive to be ingested. Bacillus cereus causes food poisoning of two different types, emetic and diarrhoeal. (Table 1) Table 1. Characteristics of the two types of disease caused by Bacillus cereus Diarrhoeal syndromeEmetic syndrome Infective dose105–107 (total)105–108 (cells g? 1) Toxin producedIn the small intestine of the hostPreformed in foods Type of toxinProteinCyclic peptide Incubation period8–16 h (occasionally >24 h)0. –5 h Duration of illness12–24 h (occasionally several days)6–24 h SymptomsAbdominal pain, watery diarrhoea and occasionally nauseaNausea, vomiting and malaise (sometimes followed by diarrhoea, due to additional enterotoxin production? ) Foods most frequently implicatedMeat products, soups, vegetables, puddings/sauces and milk/milk productsStarch-rich foods; Fried and cooked rice, pasta, pastry and noodles The form that produces diarrhoea is accompanied by symptoms that are virtually indistinguishable from those caused by the Clostridium perfingens bacteria.The affected person experiences abdominal cramps and severe watery diarrhoea within about 15 hours of eating the contaminated rice. Vomiting rarely occurs but the diarrhoea carries on between 1 and 2 days. The diarrhetic syndromes observed in patients are thought to stem from the three toxins Hemolysin BL Hbl, Nonhemolytic Enterotoxin Nhe and Cytotoxin K CytK. These enterotoxins are all produced in the small intestine of the host, thus thwarting the issue of digestion by host endogenous enzymes. Some strains of the bacteria have an extra plasmid that carries a gene for a toxin that causes severe vomiting.These strains cause the emetic form of Bacillus cereus and produce symptoms very similar to food poisoning by Staphylococcus aureus. After ingesting rice contaminated with these strains, vomiting begins between 1 and 5 hours. The effects are fairly short-lived and the digestive system usually returns to normal within about 24 hours. The emetic form is commonly caused by rice that is not cooked for a time and temperature sufficient to kill any spores present, then improperly refrigerated. It can produce a toxin, cereulide, which is not inactivated by later reheating. This form leads to nausea and vomiting 1–5 hours after consumption.It can be difficult to distinguish from other short-term bacterial foodborne pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureusReferences Microbial Growth. (2011). Retrieved March 3, 2012, from The Growth Of Bacterial Cultures: http://classes. midlandstech. com/carterp/Courses/bio225/chap06/Microbial%20Growth%20ss5. htm Donovan, K. O. (1958). A selective medium for Bacillus cereus in milk. J. Appl. Bact. (21), 100-103. Granum, P. , & Lun d, T. (2006, January 17). Bacillus cereus and its food poisoning toxins. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 157(2), 223-228. doi:10. 1111/j. 1574-6968. 1997. tb12776. x Herriman, R. (2009, September 13). Food-Borne Intoxication – Bacillus Cereus. Retrieved March 6, 2012, from ezinearticles. com: http://ezinearticles. com/? Food-Borne-Intoxication—Bacillus-Cereus&id=2915150 Johnson, K. M. (1984). Bacillus cereus food-borne illness. An update. J Food Prot, 47, 145–153. Merck. (2012). MYP Agar. Retrieved March 01, 2012, from Merck Microbiology Manual 12th Edition: http://www. mibius. de/out/oxbaseshop/html/0/images/wysiwigpro/MYP_Agar_105267_engl. pdf Tallent, S. M. , Rhodehamel , E. , Harmon, S. M. , & Bennett, R. W. (2012, February 02). BAM: Bacillus cereus. Retrieved March 05, 2012, from FDA U. S. Food and Drug Administration:

The Day At West Hill High School - 1963 Words

Shadows Die I ve never been able to go to a month school without ending up in the hospital in some way. Whether I was the one getting treatment, or seeing a dying family member. I was somehow always there. I have been bullied for months. I always get called an emo, or I m told that I should just kill myself because I m just a waste of space. My parents are highly abusive and they are drunks, so they thought I was lying when I said I was being bullied. They soon started to see that I was coming home with marks on me. They transferred me to a new school. Tomorrow was my first day at West Hill High School on the outskirts of Seattle, Washington. You probably would†¦show more content†¦I didn t listen, I just wanted to get out of this class, I looked out the window, figuring out my plan to end everything. The bell rings, and it s our 10 minute passing period. You should just die, a girl with blonde hair, a very expensive manicure, and clothes said to me. I just ignored it. But then things to a turn for the worse. Why aren t you looking at me when I speak to you! the girl screamed in my face as she pulled my head by my hair towards her. I said, kill yourself, nobody even likes you anyway That got me. I looked in her eyes, and then I felt a pain in my fist, and the girl screamed, blood rushing from her nose. Evelyn, office now! one of the aids yelled. I walked to the office, only to find Mason is sitting in the principles part. Week of detention. That s my punishment for punching a prep who was telling me to die, what is wrong with people? ~Lunch~ I walk into detention, crowded with the rebels and no popular jocks and girls to be heard, smelled, or seen. I then see that the seat next to mason was the only one that was open. You know, it kinda rude to stare, Mason says, slightly annoyed by my presence. Oh, I m sorry, I didn t mean too. I didn t realize I was. I am very sorry, I say to him. It s fine, by the way, the name is Mason, I know, So, I hear your in her because you punched the queen bee and